LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this section, you will have mastered the following learning objectives:

1. Give the normal values for each of the following laboratory tests:
   • Serum sodium
   • Serum potassium
   • Serum chloride
   • CO2 content
   • Serum calcium
   • Serum phosphorus
   • LDH
   • SGOT
   • Serum glucose
   • Bilirubin
   • BUN
   • Creatinine
   • RBC
   • Hematocrit
   • Hemoglobin
   • WBC
   • Differential
2. Indicate the importance of each of the following electrolytes in maintaining various body functions:
   • Serum sodium
   • Serum potassium
   • Serum chloride
   • CO2 content
   • Serum calcium
   • Serum phosphorus
3. Identify clinical conditions that can produce an increase or decrease in each of the following electrolytes:
   • Serum sodium
   • Serum potassium
   • Serum chloride
   • CO2 content
   • Serum calcium
   • Serum phosphorus
4. Indicate the primary role of glucose in the body.
5. Name the primary condition responsible for an elevated serum glucose.
6. Recognize clinical conditions that can produce an increase or decrease in each of the following enzymes:
   • LDH
   • SGOT
7. Name the physiologic mechanism responsible for bilirubin production.
8. Indicate clinical conditions that can produce an increased bilirubin.
9. Describe the normal physiology associated with the production of the following substances:
   • Urea
   • Creatinine
10. Identify the significance of an elevation in the following substances:
    • BUNM/LI>
    • Creatinine
11. Recognize the clinical conditions that can cause the following laboratory manifestations:
    • Polycythemia
    • Anemia
    • Increased hematocrit
    • Decreased hematocrit
    • Decreased hemoglobin
12. Indicate the two measurements that are normally given for the WBCs.
13. Identify the role of each of the following types of WBCs and indicate the significance of an increase in each:
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
14. Recognize the significance of each of the following microbiology tests:
    • Gram stain
    • Culture
    • Sensitivity
    • Acid-fast
15. Classify common bacteria according to their gram stain.